Contextual Analysis of Act 1, Scene 1 of Dr Faustus - Literature Essay Samples

In Act 1 Scene 1, Marlowe continues to subtly parody the structure of a typical Aristotelian tragedy, following the Chorus’ unusual introduction with a seemingly orthodox dialogue from the protagonist, Dr Faustus. However, he does not interact with the Chorus as would be expected, and his soliloquy openly dismisses Aristotle, further revealing Marlowe’s intent to subvert the traditional model. Faustus uses his opening speech to systematically reject the four main areas of academia at the time of the play’s writing: philosophy, medicine, law and divinity. His dismissal of each area in turn reveals his undisputed achievements- having apparently reached the limit of human knowledge he is unsatisfied and hungry for more. Faustus strongly resembles the protagonist of Lyly’s Euphues in this speech, even referencing the same names in Aristotle, Justinian and Galen. Conversely, while that character seems â€Å"onely to desire them† and says they have  "made such a breache into my minde†, Faustus is finished with the known world of human knowledge and proclaims that â€Å"a greater subject fitteth Faustus’ wit.†In his evaluation of philosophy, Faustus discusses Aristotle and his Analytics, which had been at the heart of the university curriculum in Western Europe since the 13th century but was beginning to be challenged as Marlowe graduated. This reference not only shows how the established order of knowledge was beginning to change, but alludes to Marlowe’s own questioning of the Aristotelian model of Tragedy. However, the Latin quote in line 7 is in fact written by Petrus Ramus, one of the intellectual reformers who was at the front line of the attacks on Aristotle and his works. This quote has a distinct flavour of Sophistry about it, and as such would have rankled against everything that Aristotle argued. Faustus supports his dismissal of Aristotle and philosophy with an entirely contradictory quote, undermining his declaration that he â€Å"hast attained the end† of the discipline. Interestingly, his final farewell to philosophy quotes â€Å"on kai me on†, an aphorism of Gorgias of Leonti, known as the father of Sophistry and the object of one of Aristotle’s most personal attacks. Faustus is in fact truly confused and not the master of the subject that he believes. This is the first of a series of mistaken claims and ignorant statements that he makes in his assertion to have reached the limit of conventional learning.By invoking the name of Galen, a 2nd century Greek physician who was considered a medical authority well into the Middle Ages, Faustus now moves his attention to the art of medicine. He sees medicine as a means to earn money, and looks down upon it as merely a way to â€Å"heap up gold†. The link between gold and medicine is a long established one, and the concept of potable gold (aurum potabile), a gold-based potion that was said to cu re all illness, had been discussed in Classical times and had even been claimed to have been invented by the alchemist Paracelsus, who also lived in the 16th century. This is referenced by Shakespeare, Marlowe’s great contemporary, in Henry IV. However, it seems that Faustus views the connection between gold and medicine to concern profit rather than cure, a view similar to that expressed by Chaucer’s Physician in The Canterbury Tales, and this connection taints Faustus with some of the Physician’s less than admirable qualities. Faustus’ dismissal of medicine for this reason is ironic, considering his later discussion of magic and the way he would use it for material gain. Furthermore, Faustus laments medicine’s inability to conquer man’s mortality, and talks of raising the dead â€Å"to life again†. This would have had a strong impact upon a contemporary audience, with links made to biblical stories such as the Resurrection and that of Lazarus. To bring someone back from the dead was a power exclusively linked to God, and to wish for such things was blasphemous and hubristic, a clear example of Faustus as an over-reacher. Marlowe’s reference to Hippocrates through the word â€Å"aphorisms† (Hippocrates’ Aphorismes) could be another example of Faustus’ arrogance: to compare himself to such a renowned thinker. It could however also be read as a fair comparison and sign of his incredible intellect. Justinian was a Roman Emperor during the 6th century AD, famous for his reformation of Roman law. His work formed the basis of Christian canon law, and this is alluded to in the phrase â€Å"universal body of the Church†, a pun on Justinian’s Corpus Juris (Body of the Law). While Faustus sneers that Justinian only concerned himself with â€Å"paltry legacies†, once again the quotes he uses reveal far more than he realises. The translation of the first quote (If one and th e same thing is promised to two people, one should have the thing itself, the other the value of the thing) could be read to relate to Faustus’ later dealings with Lucifer. Perhaps the misery and disaster that befalls Faustus is of equal value to the very soul he gives away. This reading gains credibility when read from a Calvinist viewpoint: if the soul was damned from its inception, it has no worth at all to a Christian. The second quote translates as â€Å"A father cannot disinherit his son unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The ellipsis here may again signify the actions about to unfold, the father may refer to God: is Marlowe suggesting that Christianity’s God would never forsake a soul, unless it sunk to such levels as Faustus’ will? Once again, with the phrase â€Å"mercenary drudge† Marlowe creates the perception that Faustus is deriding the Law as being underneath his own abilities and good only for making a living, a purpose far below his lofty goals. The ir ony of this becomes apparent quickly, as Faustus immediately talks of a â€Å"world of profit† as soon as he outlines his plans for his magical knowledge.It is when Faustus discusses divinity that he is at his most illogical; the irony is that he is meant to be a great scholar on the subject. Firstly, he talks of Jerome’s Bible before proceeding to quote in Latin that did not appear in this edition. More obviously, Faustus fails twice to fully quote a biblical passage: subsequently he entirely misses their messages. The omitted passages are incredibly apt to the play, both offering the comfort of eternal life if one comes â€Å"through Jesus Christ† (Romans vi, 23) and that God is â€Å"faithful and just† and â€Å"will cleanse us from all unrighteousness† (John 1, 8) if sins are confessed. It is the fact that Faustus ignores these aspects of Christian doctrine that condemns his soul for eternity. The fact that seems to upset Faustus most is the tr uth that man has to die, the same realisation that troubled him when dismissing medicine as impotent. Faustus refusal to consider an afterlife in heaven, and his obsession with worldly sensation and materialism, is at the heart of his tragic demise. He sees an â€Å"everlasting death† rather than the possibility of the Christian afterlife, an outlook that drives the bargaining of his own immortal soul for a lifetime of hedonistic pleasure. Despite the highlighted inconsistencies in his argument and Faustus’ clear displays of hubris, Marlowe does not intend for the audience to condemn him, nor to fall entirely in line with the teachings of the Church. Faustus is such an interesting figure because he is meant to excite the drive within each one of us to fulfill human potential and to break free of limiting factors, such as those placed on society by religion at that time. In the new atmosphere of anthropocentrism that had begun to envelope Renaissance Europe, a character with such far reaching ambition to further human knowledge was meant to be revered. However, when Marlowe’s own radicalism and subversive nature is taken into account, many read Dr. Faustus as a rallying call for such individual liberation and an attack against the stifling influence of the Church, only pandering to Christian sensibilities to pass through the necessary censorship. Yet as is made evident by the numerous and frequent references to Faustus own failings, Marlowe is not an unequivocal advocate of such a philosophy. Even the most intelligent among us, he says, do not know all that we can know. There will always be certain inexplicable aspects of our universe, and it is dangerous for us to reach to deeply into these abysses. To borrow a metaphor from the Icarus story that Marlowe references, mankind should rise above the cloying sea-mists of self-limitation and not drown in ignorance, but should soar into the free airs of unknown knowledge, breaking boundaries and advancing as far as we can. However, there is always the danger of flying too high, and of scorching ourselves with the inexplicable, unreachable power of certain unknowable truths. It is this same idea that makes Faustus such a powerful dramatic figure: he is a hero in the original sense, someone who transcends humanity, but ultimately transgresses and is necessarily punished. He is someone who pushes, but pushes too far. For that he should not be universally condemned, but his mistakes must be seen as a warning.

Hair Extension Application - Free Essay Example

At some point in a womans life many of them believes that performing hair extension services does not need some profession, the woman in charge must have some decline in the changes. As it is opposed in the hair style, the appearance, temperament and personality should coarse with the course curly hair which is the consultation based on the client under one of the most important steps in assessing the woman profession as in hair dresser its all about to get into a decent state. Think of she as a painter and then ensure that you practice your profession in a precise way when she is about to begin painting on a canvas, wouldnt one want to know what the canvas was made out of, or if she is in a state which does satisfy her personality then it is good to look for a technical foundation to design your hair which will sooth your stimuli and raise your emotions. As we begin to consultation with the client one need to have access of the condition of their hair. Is their hair compromised in any way, meaning, has it been damaged, are they losing and hair? Do they have maintained hair, meaning, do they come in for color, haircuts or perms on a regular basis? These are important things to find out before beginning any services, because she need to know not only what kind of condition the hair is in, but she should also need to have consistent view of the different designs. According to most of the clients we should know where we can have the basic foundation as well to adjust and discuss on hair vision. I am going to dwell back to the idea of the painter, what does my client want her to paint? We will need to ask the client based on we will vision her hair to look like once one has finished applying the hair extensions. The best way to do this is having most of the client having the potential to bring in some pictures so that we can really see wh at kind of vision she has in her head. Moreover most of the vison are based in a move that will leave them deserving for a return back. Most of the client should focus on having a decent made hair based on his decision. For one to be creative in his view, we need to emulate on how the we can paint with the colors we already have. Despite all of this we have to give some focus on the hair as it is discussed by different clients vision of the finished look we will then match her hair color, so that one can order the correct shade. This is one of the most important steps, because if the shade it is not right, the finished look will not be right. Shade matching is best done with a color that satisfies the client from the company we may plan on ordering hair from. Their color will have a variety of shades from white, to black and to every color in between. They do not recommend purchasing hair extensions if she do not have a color ring. According to this we are sure that most design do not begin their artwork with dirty brushes and neither should he decide on the same. Once we begin the application process one will want to start by shampooing and blow drying clients hair to ensure it is clean and free of any oil that may compromise her adhesive. She will want to use an oil free clarifying shampoo, because this will remove all excess oil without compromising the integrity of her clients hair. In vision the hair dresser paint based on where one should decide to begin. If her hair is completely blown dry, she will section the hair in four large sections. Two vertical sections on the right side, and two vertical sections on the left side. According to the client decision we shall start at the head and also this can hide the ear and the peck of the occipital bone at the nape of the neck. We all know that she have her four large sections, we will then make smaller horizontal sections starting at the nape of the neck. Once done we will section a one inch section horizontally, but ensuring that we stay within her vertical sections. We must give a clear understand to most of the people based on our vison which is clear and precise to most of the canvas and how we can begin the submission. On that view her sectioning is complete once we begin the application process. Application is key, now that we have nice clean sections this step will be a breeze. We will take a small sections from one of the horizontal sectioning, on more than twelve to fifteen pieces of hair. Once we have that small section isolated in her hand, we will be in position to will place one hair extension under her isolated section, take one of his heating tool and carefully place the small section of hair and hair extension between the heating tool, after five to ten seconds we will have adhesive which will be pliable enough for full rolling it into the hair. We will then take your index finger, and her thumb, rolling the hair extension back and forth until the adhesive has cooled. Once we shall repeat this process until her hair is at the end o f her horizontal section. One shall repeat your one inch horizontal sectioning methods in all four vertical sections, until you have reached the crown of the head. According, to the clients views the blow drying are mostly based on the horizontal index. Once this its done it will ensure that it the duration of the client back into the extension has been prolonged and may be composed of a vertical and horizontal sectioning. One need to be keen on the client that you are handling in order to ensure that no interference at all occurs. In conclusion one will also ensure that all of his ideas to make sure the client knows how to maintain her master piece she has worked so hard on. When one wouldnt want to hang it up on the wall and let dust accumulate. Maintenance is key in the hair extension maintenance is when your client will need you to remove the hair extensions. One will need to remove the hair extensions every three to six months depending on how rapidly her clients hair grows. If the hair extension is one inch from the scalp you will need to remove them, the reasoning is that his is naturally and she will lose fifty to one hundred hair a day naturally, so think of how many hairs have naturally let go, but they are trapped within the bond adhesive. The twelve to fifteen pieces of hair are approximately attached to ten to eight pieces of hair, she do not want stress to the hair if she do it could compromise the hair by making it false. In this essay there are some views which can give some technical outcome an d needs to be addressed in a good framework. Process Peer Review Sheet Does the paper have a title? If so, is the title interesting? It is better to avoid the phrase How To in the title, so if the paper has this phrase, suggest something different. The title is a little bland and too straightforward. Hair extension application does not really capture the readers attention try something like flawless extension application or something that is more interesting. Does the paper have a thesis statement in the introduction that tells which process the paper will analyze? Yes, I think there was a thesis statement but it was not clearly expressed in the paper. Is the introduction interesting? Is there a hook that grabs the readers attention? The introduction was not very interesting. There wasnt really a part that grabbed the readers attention. How many steps does the process have? I believe there was 6 or 7 steps to the paragraph. There were three steps in what I believe was the thesis statement but those steps all were preapplication steps and then there was more steps to the process scattered in to the paragraphs. The paper was hard to follow. Is each step described in a separate paragraph? The steps are not clear in the paragraphs. Does the author use transition words to help the reader move through the process? Mark the transition words and phrases that you see. If you find places that need more transitions, let the author know. Yes, but more are needed. Transition words marked in yellow. Has the author used descriptive language to make his/her writing interesting? Yes, but it did not necessarily make the paper interesting. The paper was hard to follow and some descriptions lacked relevancy. Does each body paragraph have a topic sentence and concluding sentence? No, this was addressed in comments. Mark the papers best paragraph and explain why you feel that it is the best. Is the paper formatted in MLA? Yes, but there are some mistakes. Is the paper written in third person? Mark any first and/or second person pronouns that you see in the paper (I, me, you, we, us, your, our) MARKED IN RED Are there errors in grammar, punctuation, diction, or syntax? If so, mark a few of the errors and let the author know that more editing is needed. Addressed in comments. No indent in paragraphs, unclear where paragraphs start and stop. Use the Plus/Delta Sheet below to list the three things that the author has done well (Plus) and the three things that the author most needs to change or improve (Delta)